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1.
Rev. epidemiol. controle infecç ; 12(4): 150-157, out.-dez. 2022. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1425972

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives: healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a serious public health problem worldwide. They occur mainly in Critical Care Units (CCUs), where physical structure and supplies do not favor hand hygiene (HH) compliance among health professionals. Thus, the present study aimed to describe and assess the physical structure and supplies for HH practice in a CCU of a public cancer hospital in the North region, Pará, Brazil. Methods: this is a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Data were collected through a questionnaire based on the Guide to the Implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy. Results: the study identified that there were 17 functioning beds and 6 interdicted, in addition to 11 sinks on site, but only 5 had liquid soap and paper towels, all with water. Ten alcohol dispensers were identified, but only 7 were functioning and replenished. None of the professionals found had a pocket alcoholic bottle. Conclusion: the study concluded that the physical structure and supplies found in the investigated CCU are partially adequate for carrying out hand disinfection. However, improvements in these structures must be implemented as well as periodic audits and permanent health education activities, aiming to remind professionals about HH practice correctly.(AU)


Justificativas e objetivos: as infecções relacionadas à assistência a saúde (IRAS) são um grave problema de saúde pública mundial. Ocorrem principalmente nos Centros de Terapia Intensiva (CTI), onde a estrutura física e insumos não favorecem a adesão da higienização das mãos (HM) entre os profissionais de saúde. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e avaliar a estrutura física e de insumos destinados à prática de HM em um CTI de um hospital público oncológico da região Norte, Pará, Brasil. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal com abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário baseado no Guia para a Implementação da Estratégia Multimodal da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para a Melhoria da Higiene das Mãos. Resultados: o estudo identificou que existiam 17 leitos funcionantes e 6 interditados, além de 11 pias no local, porém apenas 5 possuíam sabão líquido e papel toalha, todas com água. Foram identificados 10 dispensadores de álcool, porém apenas 7 estavam funcionantes e reabastecidos. Nenhum dos profissionais encontrados possuíam frasco alcoólico de bolso. Conclusão: o estudo concluiu que a estrutura física e os insumos encontrados no CTI investigado estão parcialmente adequados para a realização da prática de desinfecção das mãos. Contudo, devem ser implementadas melhorias nessas estruturas, bem como auditorias periódicas e atividades de educação permanente em saúde, visando relembrar os profissionais sobre a prática de HM de forma correta.(AU)


Justificación y objetivos: las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud (IAAS) son un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Ocurren principalmente en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), donde la estructura física y los suministros no favorecen la adherencia a la higiene de manos (HM) entre los profesionales de la salud. Así, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir y evaluar la estructura física y los insumos para la práctica de la HM en una UCI de un hospital oncológico público de la región Norte de Pará, Brasil. Métodos: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un cuestionario basado en la Guía para la Implementación de la Estrategia Multimodal para la Mejora de la Higiene de Manos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Resultados: el estudio identificó que había 17 camas en funcionamiento y 6 intervenidas, además de 11 lavabos en el lugar, pero solo 5 tenían jabón líquido y toallas de papel, todas con agua. Se identificaron 10 dispensadores de alcohol, pero solo 7 funcionaban y se reponían. Ninguno de los profesionales encontrados tenía una botella de alcohol de bolsillo. Conclusión: el estudio concluyó que la estructura física y los insumos encontrados en la UCI investigada son parcialmente adecuados para la realización de la práctica de desinfección de manos. Sin embargo, se deben implementar mejoras en estas estructuras, así como auditorías periódicas y actividades de educación continua en salud, con el objetivo de recordar a los profesionales sobre la práctica correcta de HM.(AU)


Subject(s)
Hand Disinfection/instrumentation , Cross Infection , Hand Hygiene , Hospitals, Public , Intensive Care Units , Public Health , Health Education , Equipment and Supplies
2.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 26(1): 102332, 2022. graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1364546

ABSTRACT

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) poses a major threat to the World Health Organization's "End TB" strategy which has defined its target as the year 2035. In 2019, there were close to 0.5 million cases of DRTB, of which 78% were resistant to multiple TB drugs. The traditional culture-based drug susceptibility test (DST - the current gold standard) often takes multiple weeks and the necessary laboratory facilities are not readily available in low-income countries. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology is rapidly becoming an important tool in clinical and research applications including transmission detection or prediction of DR-TB. For the latter, many tools have recently been developed using curated database(s) of known resistance conferring mutations. However, documenting all the mutations and their effect is a time-taking and a continuous process and therefore Machine Learning (ML) techniques can be useful for predicting the presence of DR-TB based on WGS data. This can pave the way to an earlier detection of drug resistance and consequently more efficient treatment when compared to the traditional DST.

3.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 55: e0013, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1387540

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Surveillance of multidrug resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/XDR-TB) is essential to guide disease dissemination control measures. Brazil contributes to a significant fraction of tuberculosis (TB) cases worldwide, but only few reports addressed MDR/XDR-TB in the country. Methods: This cross-sectional, laboratory-based study describes the phenotypic resistance profiles of isolates obtained between January 2008 and December 2011 in Bahia, Brazil, and sociodemographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics (obtained from mandatory national registries) of the corresponding 204 MDR/XDR-TB patients. We analyzed the mycobacterial spoligotyping and variable number of tandem repeats of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units in 12-loci profiles obtained from Salvador. Results: MDR/XDR-TB patients were predominantly male, had a median age of 43 years, belonged to black ethnicity, and failed treatment before MDR-TB diagnosis. Nearly one-third of the isolates had phenotypic resistance (evaluated by mycobacteria growth indicator tube assay) to second-line anti-TB drugs (64/204, 31%), of which 22% cases (14/64) were diagnosed as XDR-TB. Death was a frequent outcome among these individuals and was associated with resistance to second-line anti-TB drugs. Most isolates successfully genotyped belonged to the Latin-American Mediterranean (LAM) Family, with an unprecedented high proportion of LAM10-Cameroon subfamily bacilli. More than half of these isolates were assigned to a unique cluster by the genotyping methods performed. Large clusters of identical genotypes were also observed among LAM SIT42 and SIT376 strains. Conclusions: We highlight the need for strengthening local and national efforts to perform early detection of TB drug resistance and to prevent treatment discontinuation to limit the emergence of drug-resistant strains.

4.
Rev. bras. promoç. saúde (Impr.) ; 34: 1-10, 17/02/2021.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1291600

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Relatar o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico epidemiológico de idosos portadores de tuberculose (TB) em uma capital do Norte do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, de caráter descritivo, transversal e quantitativo, realizado em 2018, no município de Belém, Pará, Brasil, constituído por todos os casos novos de idosos com TB (n=1.134) notificados e confirmados ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), no período de 2011 a 2015. Utilizou-se o teste quiquadrado de Pearson (x²) associando-se variáveis nominais (idade, sexo, escolaridade, zona de residência e resultado de baciloscopia, forma clínica da doença, tipo de encerramento do caso e os agravos da doença), adotando-se o valor de p<0,05. As variáveis com frequências menores que 5, com as quais não foi possível realizar o teste χ2, ocorreram pelo teste G. Resultados: A maioria dos idosos era do sexo masculino (n=684; 60,32%), na faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos (n=643; 56,70%), com baixa escolaridade (n=499; 44,08%) e residentes em zona urbana (n=1122; 99,12%). Predominaram a forma clínica pulmonar (n=986; 86,95%), a cura (n=783; 73,73%) e o diabetes mellitus (n=269; 23,72%) como comorbidade mais frequente. Houve resultado positivo para baciloscopia (n=693; 61,11%) e os de controle negativaram (n=352; 40,14%) no 1º mês de tratamento. Conclusão: A suspeitade TB em idosos tem fator decisivo para o diagnóstico devido à baixa presença e especificidade das características clínicas dos quadros de TB nessa população.


Objective: To report the clinical and epidemiological profile of older patients with tuberculosis (TB) in a capital city in Northern Brazil. Methods: A quantitative retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 2018 in the municipality of Belém, Pará, Brazil, with all new cases of older adults with TB reported and confirmed in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação ­ SINAN) from 2011 to 2015. Pearson's chi-squared test (x²) was used to check for associations between nominal variables (age, sex, education, area of residence and sputum smear microscopy testersults, clinical form of the disease, type of case closure and the complications of the disease), with a value of p<0.05. Variables with frequencies lower than 5, where it was not possible to perform the χ2 Test, were analyzed using the G test. Results: Most of the older adults were male (n=684; 60.32%), in the age range 60 to 69 years (n=643; 56.70%), had low education (n=499; 44.08%), and lived in urban areas (n=1122; 99.12%). There was a predominance of pulmonary clinical form (n=986; 86.95%),cure (n=783; 73.73%), and Diabetes Mellitus (n=269; 23.72%) as the most frequent comorbidity. There was a positive result for sputum smear microscopy (n=693; 61.11%) and controls were negative (n=352; 40.14%) in the first month of treatment. Conclusion: Suspicion of TB in older adults is a decisive factor for the diagnosis due to the low presence and specificity of the clinical characteristics of TB cases in this population group.


Objetivo: Relatar el perfil sociodemográfico y clínico epidemiológico de mayores portadores de tuberculosis (TB) de una capital del Norte de Brasil. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de carácter descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo realizado en 2018 en el municipio de Belém, Pará, Brasil, constituido por todos los casos nuevos de mayores con TB (n=1.134) que han sido notificados y confirmados en el Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación (SINAN) en el periodo entre 2011 y 2015. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson (x²) asociándose las variables nominales (edad, sexo, escolaridad, zona de vivienda y resultado de la baciloscopia, forma clínica de la enfermedad, tipo de cierre del caso y los agravios de la enfermedad) con el valor de p<0,05. Las variables con las frecuencias por debajo de 5 con las cuales no ha sido posible realizar la prueba χ2, se dieron por la prueba G. Resultados: La mayoría de los mayores era del sexo masculino (n=684;60,32%), en la franja de edad entre los 60 y 69 años (n=643; 56,70%), con baja escolaridad (n=499;44,08%) y que vivían en la zona urbana (n=1122; 99,12%).El predominio ha sido de la forma clínica pulmonar (n=986;86,95%), la cura (n=783; 73,73%) y la diabetes mellitus (n=269;23,72%) como comorbilidad más frecuente. Hubo un resultado positivo para la baciloscopia (n=693; 61,11%) y negativo para los individuos del grupo control (n=352;40,14%) en el primer mes de tratamiento. Conclusión: La sospecha de TB en mayores tiene el factor decisivo para el diagnóstico debido la baja presencia y especificidad de las características clínicas de los cuadros de TB para esa población.


Subject(s)
Tuberculosis , Aged , Public Health , Epidemiology
5.
J. Health Biol. Sci. (Online) ; 8(1): 1-9, 01/01/2020. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1103270

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: descrever as implicações da COVID-19 no sistema cardiovascular: prognósticos e intercorrências. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados, Science Direct, National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health dos EUA (PUBMED), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Cochrane Collaboration e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) com os descritores, Cardiovascular System; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease, e a palavra-chave Covid-19. Incluíram-se estudos originais, relatos de casos, revisões sistemáticas na série temporal 2019-2020. Resultados: a busca resultou em 13 artigos, todos na língua inglesa, emergindo os pontos-chave: potencialização das complicações cardiovasculares pela infecção por COVID-19; aumento da mortalidade de origens cardiovasculares influenciadas pela infecção por COVID-19. Conclusão: o envolvimento do sistema cardiovascular no COVID-19 pode determinar a gravidade da doença, potencializado na presença de fatores de riscos cardiovasculares, repercutindo em complicações que necessitam de tratamento intensivo e morte. De maneira geral, todos os pacientes com COVID-19 são passíveis de ter comprometimento cardiológico, fato que pode depender de antecedentes mórbidos pessoais, resposta inflamatória e liberadores bioquímicos.


Objective: to describe the implications of COVID-19 in the cardiovascular system: prognosis and intercurrences. Method: This is an Integrative Literature Review, performed in the databases, Science direct, National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PUBMED), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Cochrane Collaboration and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) with the descriptors, Cardiovascular system; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease, and the keyword Covid-19. It included original studies, case reports, systematic reviews in the time series 2019-2020. Results: The search resulted in 13 articles, all in English language, emerging the key points, Potentiation of cardiovascular complications by COVID-19 infection; Increased mortality of cardiovascular origin influenced by COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: The involvement of the cardiovascular system in COVID-19 may determine the severity of the disease, potentiated in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, resulting in complications that require intensive treatment and death. In general, all patients with COVID-19 are likely to have cardiological impairment, which may depend on personal morbid antecedents, inflammatory response and biochemical liberators.


Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Coronary Artery Disease , Cardiovascular Diseases , Cardiovascular System
6.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1097211

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Auxiliar no entendimento da COVID-19 em relação à origem do SARS-CoV-2, suas descobertas genômicas, patogenia, possíveis hospedeiros primários e intermediários, além da comparação com outros coronavírus. Metodos: foram utilizadas as bases de dados Scientific Eletronic Library Online e PubMed, com artigos de revisão e originais, em língua portuguesa e inglesa, pesquisados no período de 05 de março a 10 de abril de 2020, adotando os seguintes descritores: SARS-CoV, COVID-19, coronavirus, Wuhan, genome, structure, origin, transmission, evolution, zoonotic. Os artigos originais identificados foram incluídos nesta revisão, juntamente com artigos de suporte referenciados por estes. Resultados: As características genômicas descritas até o momento podem explicar, em parte, a infectividade e a transmissibilidade do SARS-CoV-2 em humanos. Devido aos notáveis recursos de SARS-CoV-2, incluindo o local otimizado do domínio de ligação ao receptor (RBD) e de clivagem polibásica, é pouco provável um cenário laboratorial para a origem do SARS-CoV-2. Conclusão: Para o presente, é de extrema importância obter mais dados genéticos e funcionais sobre o SARS-CoV-2, incluindo estudos em animais, sequenciamento do vírus em casos muito precoces e identificação dos parentes virais mais próximos do SARS-CoV-2 que circulam em animais.(AU)


Objective: To assist in the understanding of COVID-19 in relation to the origin of SARS-CoV-2, its genomic discoveries, pathogenesis, possible primary and intermediate hosts, in addition to comparison with other coronaviruses. Methods: the Scientific Electronic Library Online and PubMed databases were used, with review articles and originals, in Portuguese and English, researched from March 5 to April 10, 2020, adopting the following descriptors: SARS-CoV , COVID-19, coronavirus, Wuhan, genome, structure, origin, transmission, evolution, zoonotic. The original articles identified were included in this review, along with supporting articles referenced by them. Results: The genomic characteristics described so far may partly explain the infectivity and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. Due to the remarkable resources of SARS-CoV-2, including the optimized site of the receptor binding domain (RBD) and polybasic cleavage, a laboratory scenario for the origin of SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely. Conclusion: For the present, it is extremely important to obtain more genetic and functional data on SARS-CoV-2, including studies on animals, sequencing of the virus in very early cases and identification of the closest viral relatives of SARS-CoV-2 that circulate in animals.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Genome, Viral , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
7.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 51(4): 415-420, July-Aug. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-957444

ABSTRACT

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leading cause of nosocomial infections with high mortality rates owing to the limited therapeutic options for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains. Herein, we present a meta-analysis exploring the association between MDRPA and São Paulo MBL-1 (SPM-1)-producing strains vs. mortality. Online databases were screened to identify studies published between 2006 and 2016. A total of 15 studies, comprising 3,201 cases of P. aeruginosa infection, were included. Our results demonstrated a higher mortality rate among patients infected with MDRPA (44.6%, 363/813) than those with non-MDRPA infection (24.8%, 593/2,388) [odds ratio (OR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70-3.36, p <0.00001]. The risk of mortality in patients with non-SPM-1 strains was four times higher than that observed in the patients of the SPM-1 group; however, no statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.43). In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrated that patients infected with MDRPA had a significantly higher mortality rate than that of patients infected with non-MDRPA strains, especially patients with bloodstream infection (BSI), immunosuppression, and inadequate antimicrobial therapy. The absence of studies on the molecular aspects of blaSPM-1 and its association with mortality limited the analysis; therefore, our results should be interpreted with caution. Our findings also highlight the need for more studies on the molecular aspects of resistance and the peculiarities of different nosocomial settings.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas Infections/mortality , Cross Infection/mortality , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy , Cross Infection/microbiology
8.
J. bras. pneumol ; 44(2): 93-98, Mar.-Apr. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893912

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations of patients with pulmonary infection caused by mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC), and to compare these manifestations with those of patients infected with other nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study involving 43 patients divided into two groups: the MABSC group, consisting of patients with pulmonary infection caused by MABSC (n = 17); and the NTM group, consisting of patients with pulmonary infection caused by NTM other than MABSC (n = 26). Patients were previously treated with a regimen of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol before the diagnosis of NTM was confirmed by two culture-positive sputum samples. The nucleotide sequences of the hsp65, 16S rRNA, and/or rpoB genes were analyzed to identify the mycobacteria. Data were collected on demographic, clinical, and radiological characteristics, as well as on treatment responses and outcomes. Results: Loss of appetite was the only clinical manifestation that was significantly more common in the MABSC group than in the NTM group (p = 0.0306). The chance of having to use a second treatment regimen was almost 12 times higher in the MABSC group than in the NTM group. Treatment success was significantly higher in the NTM group than in the MABSC group (83.2% vs. 17.6%; p < 0.0001). The chance of recurrence was approximately 37 times higher in the MABSC group than in the NTM group. Conclusions: In the study sample, treatment response of pulmonary disease caused by MABSC was less favorable than that of pulmonary disease caused by other NTM.


RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as manifestações clínicas de pacientes com infecção pulmonar por micobactérias do complexo Mycobacterium abscessus (CMA) e compará-las com as daqueles infectados com outras micobactérias não tuberculosas (MNT). Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo envolvendo 43 pacientes divididos em dois grupos: grupo CMA, com pacientes com infecção pulmonar por CMA (n = 17); e grupo MNT, com pacientes com infecção pulmonar por MNT que não CMA (n = 26). Os pacientes foram previamente tratados com o esquema rifampicina, isoniazida, pirazinamida e etambutol antes de o diagnóstico de MNT ser confirmado com culturas positivas em duas amostras de escarro diferentes. As sequências nucleotídicas dos genes hsp65, RNAr 16S e/ou rpoB foram analisadas para a identificação das micobactérias. Foram coletadas características demográficas, clínicas e radiológicas, assim como respostas terapêuticas e desfechos. Resultados: A única manifestação clínica significativamente mais frequente no grupo CMA que no grupo MNT foi hiporexia (p = 0,0306). A chance de haver a necessidade de utilização de um segundo esquema terapêutico foi quase 12 vezes maior no grupo CMA que no grupo MNT. O sucesso terapêutico foi significativamente maior no grupo MNT que no grupo CMA (83,2% vs. 17,6%; p < 0,0001). A chance de recidiva no grupo CMA foi aproximadamente 37 vezes maior que no grupo MNT. Conclusões: Na amostra estudada, a resposta terapêutica da doença pulmonar causada por CMA evoluiu de forma menos favorável do que naquela causada pelas demais MNT.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Mycobacterium abscessus/isolation & purification , Lung Diseases/microbiology , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology , Brazil , Comorbidity , Retrospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Life Style , Lung Diseases/pathology , Lung Diseases/drug therapy , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/pathology , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/drug therapy , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use
9.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 49(3): 305-311, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-785790

ABSTRACT

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The spread of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Brazilian hospitals has greatly impacted upon the morbidity and mortality of individuals in intensive care units. Given the lack of information regarding the dynamics of multidrug resistance in northern Brazil, we analyzed the clinical and microbiological features of nosocomial infections caused by P. aeruginosa. METHODS Between January 2010 and March 2012, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of P. aeruginosa isolates from 54 patients who were hospitalized in intensive care units. The clinical and epidemiologic variables were analyzed, including the patients' demographic data and comorbidities, and the lengths of the intensive care unit stays, the classification of the infections as nosocomial, the use of invasive procedures, antimicrobial therapy, and the patients' outcomes. We undertook susceptibility tests, molecular detection of the metallo-β-lactamase genes, and genotypic analyses of the isolates using the repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Multidrug resistance occurred most frequently among isolates from adults who had been hospitalized for an average of 87.1 days. The use of mechanical ventilation and urinary catheters were risk factors for infection. The four isolates that harbored the blaSPM-1-like gene showed >95% genetic similarity. CONCLUSIONS This study's findings show that P. aeruginosa has a high death rate, and that inadequate treatment and invasive procedures are risk factors for infection. This is the first report describing the detection of the blaSPM-1-like gene in northern Brazil. These results highlight the need for better monitoring and a greater understanding of nosocomial infections and their public health impacts.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzymology , Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Cross Infection/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics , Brazil , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Retrospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Genotype , Intensive Care Units , Middle Aged
10.
Rev. para. med ; 28(2)abr.-jun. 2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-721608

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: descrever a ocorrência de agentes microbianos e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade de Pseudomonas aeruginosa provenientes de pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva UTI de hospital sentinela em Belém, Pará no período de 2005 a 2010. Método: abordagem retrospectiva e quantitativo-descritiva com dados oriundos da consulta das fichas dos pacientes, dos arquivos da comissão de controle de infecção hospitalar. Resultados: dentre os micro-organismos isolados obteve-se 40,8% de Staphylococus coagulase negativo, 11,4% de P. aeruginosa e 7,4% de Staphylococcus aureus. A ocorrência de infecções por P. aeruginosa foi maio na UTI adulto. A infecção respiratória foi predominante na UTI adulto e a infecção de corrente sanguínea predominante nas UTI pediátrica e neonatal. Conclusões: foram encontrados 49 grupos de micro-organismos na população estudada, sendo o Staphylococcus sp coagulase negativo, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Candida albicans, Acinetobacter baumanni e Klebsiella pneumoniae os mais predominantes. A P. aeruginosa apresentou elevada resistência aos antibióticos tradicionais. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho destacam a importância de estudos epidemiológicos contínuos com a finalidade de se evitar a instalação de surtos.


Objective: to describe the occurrence of microbial agents and evaluate the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients hospitalized en the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of sentinel hospital in Belém (Pará), on the period 2005-2010. Methods: retrospective and quantitative approach - with descriptive data from the query of patient records, the files of the hospital infection control committee. Results: among the isolated microorganisms got 40,8% of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 11,4% of P. aeruginosa 7,4% of Staphylococcus aureus. The occurrence of P. aeruginosa infections was higher in the adult ICU. The respiratory infection was predominant in the adult ICU and bloodstream infection prevalent in pediatric and neonatal ICU. Conclusions: 49 groups of microorganisms were found in the population studied, coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Candida albicans, A. baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae the most prevalent. P. aeruginosa was highly resistant to traditional antibiotics. The results of this study highlight the importance of ongoing epidemiological studies in order to avoid the installation of outbreaks.

11.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 107(8): 969-977, Dec. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-660642

ABSTRACT

A single strain of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii, characterised by a particular rpoB sequevar and two highly related pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns has been responsible for a nationwide outbreak of surgical infections in Brazil since 2004. In this study, we developed molecular tests based on polymerase chain reaction restriction-enzyme analysis (PRA) and sequencing for the rapid identification of this strain. Sequences of 15 DNA regions conserved in mycobacteria were retrieved from GenBank or sequenced and analysed in silico. Single nucleotide polymorphisms specific to the epidemic strain and located in enzyme recognition sites were detected in rpoB, the 3' region of the 16S rDNA and gyrB. The three tests that were developed, i.e., PRA-rpoB, PRA-16S and gyrB sequence analysis, showed 100%, 100% and 92.31% sensitivity and 93.06%, 90.28% and 100% specificity, respectively, for the discrimination of the surgical strain from other M. abscessus subsp. bolletii isolates, including 116 isolates from 95 patients, one environmental isolate and two type strains. The results of the three tests were stable, as shown by results obtained for different isolates from the same patient. In conclusion, due to the clinical and epidemiological importance of this strain, these tests could be implemented in reference laboratories for the rapid preliminary diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of this epidemic strain.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology , Mycobacterium/genetics , Surgical Wound Infection/microbiology , Base Sequence , Brazil , Bacterial Typing Techniques/methods , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , DNA, Ribosomal/analysis , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Mycobacterium Infections/epidemiology , Mycobacterium/classification , Mycobacterium/isolation & purification , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Surgical Wound Infection/epidemiology
12.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 44(1): 106-109, Jan.-Feb. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-579843

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The outbreak occurred between February and June 2006 and included identification of the cases, analysis of medical records, cultures from environmental sources, resistance analyses and genotyping profile of Serratia marcescens. METHODS: The cultures were composed of 13 blood isolates, 17 rectal and hand swabs and air sampling. RESULTS: The data obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis exhibited three strains that contaminated 24 patients. Systemic infection was the most common in neonates with lower weight, long periods of hospitalization, premature delivery and the use of mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation revealed the multifactorial nature of the outbreak. An endemic clone of S. marcescens was detected.


INTRODUÇÃO: O surto ocorreu entre fevereiro a junho de 2006 e incluiu identificação de casos, análise dos prontuários, culturas ambientais, análise de resistência e genotipagem dos isolados de Serratia marcescens. MÉTODOS: Os cultivos foram compostos de 13 isolados de sangue e 17 swabs de reto e mãos e amostras do ar. RESULTADOS: Os dados obtidos por eletroforese de campo pulsado evidenciaram três cepas que contaminaram 24 pacientes. Infecção sistêmica foi mais comum em neonatos com menor peso, longo tempo de internação, nascimento prematuro e uso de respiração mecânica. CONCLUSÕES: Foi evidenciada a natureza multifatorial do surto. Foi encontrado um clone endêmico de S. marcescens.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Serratia Infections/epidemiology , Serratia marcescens/genetics , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Genotype , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Serratia Infections/microbiology , Serratia marcescens/isolation & purification
13.
J. bras. patol. med. lab ; 44(4): 271-276, ago. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-504208

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: Salmonella Typhi é o agente da febre tifóide (doença caracterizada por febre, cefaléia, mialgia, artralgia, diarréia ou constipação), cujo quadro pode se complicar e levar o paciente a óbito. No Brasil, a febre tifóide é endêmica nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, com surtos ocorridos nos meses de intenso calor. OBJETIVO: Analisar e comparar a variabilidade genética de S. Typhi isoladas de surto e casos esporádicos de febre tifóide ocorridos em determinado período na cidade de Belém (PA). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 20 amostras de S. Typhi: 10 isoladas de um surto ocorrido no bairro do Guamá, Belém, entre os meses de dezembro/2005 e março/2006, e 10 de casos esporádicos ocorridos em diferentes localidades da mesma cidade e no mesmo período do surto. A caracterização genética foi realizada pela análise do perfil de macrorrestrição obtido pela enzima XbaI e definido por eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). RESULTADOS: A análise de XbaI-PFGE das amostras estudadas demonstrou uma similaridade genética de 83 por cento a 100 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo pôde demonstrar a relação clonal das amostras S. Typhi causadoras de surto e de casos esporádicos de febre tifóide ocorridos na cidade de Belém no período de dezembro/2005 a março/2006.


BACKGROUND: Salmonella Typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever, illness characterized by fever, migraine, myalgia, arthralgia, diarrhea or constipation, which may have complications and cause death. In Brazil, the typhoid fever is endemic in the Northern and Northeastern regions, with outbreaks occurring in scorching months. OBJECTIVE: To analyse and compare the genetic variability of S. Typhi strains isolated from outbreaks and sporadic cases of typhoid fever occurred in the city of Belém (PA) between December 2005 and March 2006. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty samples of S. Typhi were analyzed: 10 of them were isolated from an outbreak occurred in Guamá neighborhood in Belém, between December 2005 and March 2006, and the other 10 were isolated from sporadic cases in different neighborhoods of the same city in the same outbreak period. The genetic characterization was performed by macrorestriction analysis of genomic DNA with XbaI enzyme defined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: The Xbal-PFGE analysis of the studied samples revealed a genetic similarity of 83 percent to 100 percent. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the clonal relation between the S. Typhi samples from the outbreak and from the sporadic cases of typhoid fever occurred in the city of Belém between December 2005 and March 2006.


Subject(s)
Humans , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Genetic Variation , Salmonella typhi/genetics , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification
14.
Cad. saúde colet., (Rio J.) ; 15(3): 401-414, jul.-set. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-527820

ABSTRACT

O Pará é o estado com maior taxa de incidência de tuberculose (TB) na região Norte, com 36,3 casos por 100 mil habitantes em 2004. A obtenção de DNA de qualidade a partir de material fixado em lâminas coradas pelo método de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) supriria a falta de amostras representativas para estudos de genotipagem, contribuindo para melhor entendimento da dinâmica de transmissão da TB. O presente estudo avaliou quatro diferentes procedimentos para obtenção de DNA de M. tuberculosis a partir de 196 esfregaços corados pelo método de ZN, que utilizaram xilol e N-acetil-L-cisteína (NALC) em conjunto, de forma isolada ou nenhuma destas substâncias, e ainda dois protocolos de amplificação distintos, um com o adjuvante de PCR glicerol e outro com betaína. O percentual de amplificação foi superior para as amostras que foram submetidas ao procedimento que utilizou somente o xilol e ao que não utilizou nenhuma substância, sendo 77 por cento e 67 por cento, respectivamente, para o protocolo com glicerol, e de 98 por cento e de 96 por cento para o protocolo com betaína. A partir dos resultados obtidos, não é recomendado o uso de xilol ou NALC nos procedimentos de remoção das amostras e sugere-se a inclusão do adjuvante betaína nas reações, assim como o uso do DNA extraído de lâminas coradas pelo método de ZN em análises baseadas em PCR.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques , Polymerase Chain Reaction
15.
Cad. saúde colet., (Rio J.) ; 15(3): 417-424, jul.-set. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-527821

ABSTRACT

A baciloscopia pelo método de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) é um exame simples, rápido, econômico e é a técnica mais difundida para o diagnóstico da tuberculose (TB), pois permite detectar as fontes mais importantes de infecção. O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade das baciloscopias para tuberculose em oito Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) e encaminhadas ao LACEN-PA, no Estado do Pará. Os itens avaliados foram identificação das lâminas, distensão, coloração dos esfregaços e índice baciloscópico. Dentre as 189 lâminas avaliadas, 36 por cento (69 por 189) foram caracterizadas como inadequadas. Falhas relacionadas ao item distensão foram as mais frequentes (31 por cento), seguidas de problemas na coloração (28 por cento). No item identificação das lâminas, apenas a UBS B apresentou falhas, e estas ocorreram em 100 por cento (4) das lâminas enviadas ao LACEN no período do estudo. A avaliação dos índices bacterioscópicos determinou 10 discordâncias em número de cruzes, um falso-negativo e um falso-positivo. Tais resultados sugerem falta de obediência aos parâmetros de qualidade preconizados pelo Ministério da Saúde. No entanto, recomenda-se a realização de estudo com ampliação do número de amostras e atenção especial as principais causas de erro no desenvolvimento das baciloscopias.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sputum , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary , Tuberculosis/diagnosis
16.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 40(2): 212-215, mar.-abr. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-452625

ABSTRACT

A reação em cadeia da polimerase usada para amplificação de uma seqüência interna de um fragmento previamente amplificado (nested-PCR) foi investigada como uma alternativa complementar a pesquisa de bacilos álcool ácido resistentes e a cultura do Mycobacterium tuberculosis em meio de Lowenstein-Jensen. Foram investigadas 144 amostras de escarro de pacientes suspeitos de tuberculose encaminhados ao Laboratório de Tuberculose do Instituto Evandro Chagas em Belém, no período de junho de 2002 a dezembro de 2003. Das 144 amostras, 121 foram caracterizadas como tuberculose, 119 foram positivas na cultura, 95 na baciloscopia e 128 na nested-PCR. A sensibilidade da nested-PCR foi 96 por cento (116/121), enquanto a especificidade foi 48 por cento (11/23). A nested-PCR poderá ser uma ferramenta complementar para o diagnóstico da tuberculose, pois apresenta sensibilidade equivalente à cultura, no entanto, necessita de maiores avaliações visando minimizar o número de resultados falso-positivos.


The polymerase chain reaction used for amplifying an internal sequence of a previously amplified fragment (nested-PCR) was investigated as a complementary alternative for searching for alcohol-acid resistant bacilli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures in Lowenstein-Jensen medium. 144 sputum samples were investigated from patients with suspected tuberculosis that were sent to the Tuberculosis Laboratory of the Evandro Chagas Institute in Belém, between June 2002 and December 2003. From the 144 samples, 121 were characterized as tuberculosis: 119 were positive in cultures, 95 under bacilloscopy and 128 using nested-PCR. The sensibility of the nested-PCR was 96 percent (116/121), while the specificity was 48 percent (11/23). Nested-PCR may be a complementary tool for diagnosing tuberculosis, since it presents sensitivity equivalent to that of cultures. However, further evaluations are needed with the aim of minimizing the number of false-positive results.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antigens, Bacterial/genetics , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , False Negative Reactions , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sputum/microbiology
17.
J. bras. patol. med. lab ; 43(1): 1-7, fev. 2007. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-448528

ABSTRACT

A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e suas variações, como a nested-PCR, têm sido destacadas como técnicas moleculares promissoras para o diagnóstico rápido da tuberculose (TB). No presente estudo avaliou-se a nested-PCR utilizando-se como marcadores moleculares a seqüência IS6110 e o antígeno b aplicados ao diagnóstico da TB. Foram submetidas a baciloscopia, cultura e nested-PCR 136 amostras clínicas de pacientes com suspeita de TB. O diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar foi atribuído a 116 pacientes e, desses, 97 foram multibacilares e 111 apresentaram cultura positiva para M. tuberculosis. As reações de nested-PCR identificaram 70 por cento (antígeno b) e 94 por cento (IS6110) dos casos paucibacilares. Os valores de sensibilidade determinados para cultura, nested-PCR do IS6110 e antígeno b foram 95 por cento, 98 por cento e 86 por cento, respectivamente. A especificidade foi de 100 por cento, 15 por cento e 45 por cento para cultura, nested-PCR do IS6110 e antígeno b, respectivamente. O diagnóstico molecular da tuberculose deve estar fundamentado na análise conjunta de vários parâmetros, como baciloscopia, cultura, manifestações clínicas, prova terapêutica e história prévia de tuberculose.


Chain reaction of polimerase (PCR) and its variations such as the nested-PCR have been outstanding as promising molecular techniques for the fast diagnosis of the tuberculosis (TB). In the present study the nested-PCR was evaluated using as molecular markers the sequence IS6110 and the antigen b applied to the diagnosis of TB. One hundred and thirty six clinical samples of patients with suspicion of TB were submitted to the baciloscopia, culture and nested-PCR. The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was attributed to 116 patients, of these, 97 were multi-bacilli and 111 presented positive culture for M. tuberculosis. The nested-PCR reactions identified 70 percent (antigen b) and 94 percent (IS6110) of the acid-fast smear negative cases of tuberculosis. The sensibility values determined for culture, and nested-PCR of IS6110 and antigen b were 95 percent, 98 percent and 86 percent, respectively. The specificity was 100 percent, 15 percent and 45 percent for culture, nested-PCR of IS6110 and antigen b, respectively. The molecular diagnosis of the tuberculosis should be based in the combined analysis of several parameters, as the baciloscopia, culture, clinical manifestations, therapeutic proves and previous history of tuberculosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Genetic Markers , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Pathology, Molecular , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis
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